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IRAC – Offer and Acceptance: Issue—offer or invitation to treat? Rule—Partridge; exception via Carlill unilateral offer. Apply facts to intention and performance; conclude on binding offer.

Consideration – Practical Benefit: Roffey Bros recognises practical benefit absent duress; identify concrete benefits (e.g., avoiding delay penalties).

Remedies: Expectation damages (remoteness per Hadley), mitigation; specific performance is discretionary, suited to unique goods/land.

Homicide Mens Rea: Direct intent (Moloney) or oblique intent (Woollin); consider gross negligence manslaughter (Adomako).

Self-Defence vs Duress: Necessity + reasonable force (CJIA 2008); duress unavailable for murder (Howe).

Theft: s1 elements; dishonesty per Ivey; apply s2 beliefs, s3 appropriation, s5 belonging to another, s6 intent.

Duty of Care: Caparo—foreseeability, proximity, FJR; use Robinson to avoid unnecessary novel duties.

Donoghue Note: Neighbour principle; product liability foundation.

Nuisance vs Rylands: Unreasonable interference vs non-natural use + escape; indicate when each applies.

Sovereignty vs Rule of Law: Dicey; modern constraints via HRA and devolution; conventions as practical limits.

JR Grounds: Illegality, irrationality, procedural impropriety; legitimate expectation; proportionality for rights.

Miller Note: Limits on prerogative where statute is frustrated; remedies and constitutional principles.

Duties: s171–177; promote success (s172) incl. stakeholder factors; conflicts & disclosure.

Veil Piercing: Rare (Prest); prefer statutory/agency routes; evasion principle.

Minority Remedies: Derivative (company wrongs) vs s994 unfair prejudice (member interests).

Direct Effect: TFEU/regs—horizontal; directives generally vertical unless implemented/indirect effect; cite Van Gend, Marshall, Faccini Dori.

Cassis / Keck: Mutual recognition + rule of reason; Keck selling arrangements outside Art 34 if non-discriminatory.

Services: Identify restriction, justification, proportionality.

Article 8: In accordance with law; legitimate aim; necessary in a democratic society. Balance & less-restrictive means.

Proportionality: Legitimate aim, rational connection, minimal impairment, fair balance (cf. Bank Mellat approach).

Positive Obligations: Effective respect for rights—resources, margin of appreciation.

Sources (Art 38 ICJ): Treaties, custom, general principles, subsidiary means. Distinguish opinio juris and state practice.

Use of Force: Art 2(4) prohibition; Art 51 self-defence (necessity & proportionality); UNSC measures.

Best Interests: Welfare checklist—wishes/feelings, needs, effect of change, age/sex/background, harm, parental capability, court powers.

Financial Remedies: s25 factors—income, earning capacity, needs, contributions, standard of living, disability, limited conduct.

Easements: Express/implied/prescription; characteristics (Re Ellenborough Park); scope/excessive use.

Lease vs Licence: Exclusive possession for a term at rent (Street v Mountford); substance over label.

Adverse Possession: LRA 2002 Sch 6—factual possession + intention; notice procedure.

Three Certainties: Intention, subject matter, objects; Knight v Knight; resulting trust if failure.

CT vs Estoppel: Common intention & reliance vs assurance-reliance-detriment; proportionality of remedies.

Fiduciary Duties: No conflict/no profit; account of profits; informed consent.

Unfair Dismissal: Qualifying service; potentially fair reason; reasonableness (s98 ERA). Burchell test; band of reasonable responses.

Discrimination: Protected characteristic; comparator; PCP + justification for indirect; remedies include compensation/recommendations.

Redundancy: Genuine situation; fair selection/consultation; alternatives; payments and fairness.

Unfair Terms: Reasonableness (UCTA) and fairness (CRA); transparency & prominence.

Competition: Agreement/abuse; market definition; object/effect; exemptions/efficiencies.

GDPR Bases: Consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests, public task, legitimate interests.